The Discoveries Of Ancient Egypt Essay - 1045 Words

Ancient Egypt is a land full of mystery and wonder, from the Great Pyramid of Giza to the mummies, it has always been a fascinating place for anthropologists and archaeologists alike. The pyramids are so fantastic that people still have trouble believing that mankind could have constructed it, and people come from all over the world to gaze upon it in utter shock. The mummies have also always been a hot topic for tourists since it is such an unusual burial technique. Archeologists have studied these sites for hundreds of years, always finding new pieces, such as their fascinating burial rituals and the process of marriage among the royals, to help solve the puzzle that is Ancient Egypt. Archaeology is the study of human history through the excavation of sites and analyzing physical remains, and bioarchaeology is the study of the human remains found at these sites. Bioarchaeology is beneficial to understanding why certain patterns emerge in some cultures. Some of the interests o f bioarchaeologists include; health, disease, migration, trauma, biological relatedness, ancestry, and stature. The list could go on and on but in terms of Ancient Egypt, there are people called Egyptian Bioarchaeologists who dedicate their lives to this culture. In a recent study on ancient Egypt, researchers have found evidence of sibling marriages between the pharaohs. According to the study, the male royals are taller than the normal male population, and the female royals are shorter thanShow MoreRelatedEgyptian Contributions And Greek Culture1678 Words   |  7 Pagescivilization is the basis of philosophy, science, and medicine that is often times solely credited to the Greeks. PURPOSE STATEMENT After thorough research and analysis the Nile Valley Contributions to Greek civilization are evident. THE BEGINNINGS Ancient Greece is regarded as the beginnings of advanced sciences and philosophies and the fundamentals of the western world. For years, Greek culture has been taught in schools and held in a high esteem. Egyptian sciences, while necessary, are not deemedRead MoreThe Curse on King Tutankhamen827 Words   |  3 Pagesuncovered after the discovery of King Tutankhamen’s in March of 1923. A novelist whose name is Mari Corelli published an article about the tomb. In this article, she expressed the danger of uncovering tomb. She warned the explorers to use extra caution while entering the tomb. She also said there would be deadly consequences following the discovery. After the tomb was uncovered, signs of the curse began to reveal themselves. Howard Carter, the main explorer during the discovery, had a pet canaryRead MoreDiscovery Of Raised Bread in Egypt Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesThe piece of art that I will be discussing about is how the Ancient Egyptians first discov ered the art of making modern bread, over 4000 years ago during the Neolithic era? 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TheyRead MoreAncient Egypt And Ancient Egyptian Era1303 Words   |  6 PagesEgypt is a country in North Africa and is among the oldest civilisations on Earth, thriving as an independent nation from 8,000 BCE to 525 BCE. Ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilisation in the Mediterranean world, being the most culturally advanced nation in every area of human knowledge. From science to technology to the arts and religion – the ancient Egyptian era was the most influential era, especially to the Ancient Greeks and Romans. Egypt’s majesty has long astounded archaeologists, particularlyRead MoreAncient Egypt And Ancient Egyptian Era1123 Words   |  5 PagesAn cient Egypt was a civilisation in North-eastern Africa. It is among the oldest civilisations on Earth, thriving as an independent nation from 8,000 BCE to 525 BCE. Ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilisation in the Mediterranean world, being the most culturally advanced nation in every area of human knowledge. From technology to religion– the ancient Egyptian era was the most influential era, especially to the Ancient Greeks. Egypt’s majesty has long astounded archaeologists, particularly thatRead MoreEssay about Hatshepsut: Fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt1357 Words   |  6 Pagesfor being the next Pharaoh. In the meantime, Egypt needed a Pharaoh. Since she was the remaining daughter of the war general and King Thutmosis I, she made a smart political move and made herself King. Hatshepsut figured it was she who qualified to be Pharaoh, make Thutmosis III her co-regent, and maintain peace. Furthermore, she wanted to avoid a potential power strug gle for the throne. Foreign powers such as the Hyksos were longing to retake Egypt as they had in the Seventeenth Dynasty. A child-kingRead MoreTask 1790 Words   |  4 Pagescenturies there have been many different environmental and geographical factors that have shaped the development of the United States. Two of these factors that I feel are extremely significant to this development are the Irish Potato Famine and the discovery of gold in California. The Irish Potato Famine began in Ireland in September 1845. The famine was caused by an airborne fungus, phytophthora infetans, which attacks the leaves of the plant, turning them black, causing them to curl and rot, ultimatelyRead MoreDesign And Innovation : The Sphinx Of Taharqo1171 Words   |  5 Pagesiconic discoveries over the centuries (Caleca, 1979). With a collection of almost 8 million artifacts and historical objects, it s hard to choose one. Each object has its own value in the museum and reflects the ancient times (Ca leca, 1979). In this paper, we will be discussing the artifact called The Sphinx of Tharaqo† that is preserved in the British Museum. HISTORY OF THE OBJECT: Sphinxes are generally considered as Egyptian icons. The most famous sphinx could be seen in Giza, Egypt. ActuallyRead MoreErnesto Schiaparelli : A Professor Of Ancient History1192 Words   |  5 PagesOcchieppo Inferiore, Italy. His father, Louis was a professor of ancient history at the University of Turin thus resulting Schiaparelli to have a close connection to history at a young age. Schiaparelli started his studies with Francesco Rossi at the University of Turin however, continued to study them in Paris in the years of 1877 and 1880 with Gaston Maspero, a French Egyptologist. Background: Ernesto’s father was a professor of ancient history at the University of Turin, his cousin was the eminent

Corporate Culture Of Enron And Bankruptcy - 1327 Words

Introduction The case study is about Enron and about their biggest failure that lead the company towards bankruptcy. Enron got bankrupt to the extent that was no point of returning back and reversing its wrong doings. The only thing that the company had to think about was how to return the losses of its creditors. Enron Corp. was left with $12 billion in assets which was to be distributed among more than 20,000 creditors. Around 80% of creditors of Enron backed the long-awaited reorganization plan of the company. Creditors were seeking to recover more than $1200 billion. According to Stephen F. Cooper, who was the interim chief executive officer of the company said that only $67 billion was the justified amount. The amount of assets that was available to creditors could grow if the management of Enron succeeded with the mega-claim against financial institutions and leading banks that helped the organization in creating complex deals which helped it inflate cash flow and hide debt (Ni skanen, 2005). Corporate Culture of Enron and Bankruptcy Heavily influenced by the culture to compete rather co-operate, employees at Enron were motivated and driven by huge bonuses and they became scared of the ranking criteria. They were also scared by being asked to leave the company of they did not perform well. All this resulted in unhealthy business activities, which drove colleagues to push each other backwards rather than to help each other to finalize the deal or execute the saleShow MoreRelatedThe Corporate Culture Of Enron1474 Words   |  6 Pagesthe corporate culture of Enron contribute to its bankruptcy? The Enron Corporation was an energy trading and utilities company that eventually failed due to the discovery that Enron was hiding large debts and losses in financial documents. â€Å"Through its subsidiaries and numerous affiliates, the company provided products and services related to natural gas, electricity, and communications for its wholesale and retail customers† (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2015, p. 486). A company’s corporate cultureRead MoreFailure Of Responsible Management : Enron Corporation1645 Words   |  7 Pagesmanagement. The Enron Corporation is an example, because Enron event is the typical case for organization failure of responsible management In the end of 2001, Enron scandal has been disclosure, Enron stock prices slumped, and its financial tricks was exposed. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) began survey of company s records. Enron’s auditor ‘Arthur Andersen ‘destroys relevant documents. (Ailon, G. 2011) Enron was bankruptcy in December 2001, and became the largest bankruptcy case in AmericanRead MoreEssay on Enron: Questionable Accounting Leads to Collapse784 Words   |  4 PagesEnron: Questionable Accounting Leads to Collapse In the case of Enron, it comes down to pure greed and a lack of accountability. From the top, there was illegal activity with Ken Lay, Jeffrey Skilling, and Andrew Fastow who raided the company as though it was their own personal bank. On top of that, the culture of the rest of the company was to make as much money as they could and employees were rewarded by the amount of profit they could make without questioning the ethical means to do so. Read MoreEvents Leading Up to the The Sarbanes-Oxley Act Essay examples1203 Words   |  5 PagesAccounting Reform and Investor Protection Act’ in the Senate and ‘Corporate and Auditing Accountability and Responsibility Act’ in the House. 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However Enron was found to record assets and profits at inflated, fraudulent and non-existent amounts. Debts and losses were found to be excluded from financial sta tements along with other major transactions between Enron and other companies

Critical Evaluation and Literature Research of Advanced Database Syste

Question: Describe about the Critical Evaluation and Literature Research of Advanced Database Systems? Answer: Introduction The research study aims to find the utilization of data analytics and data management tool which is specifically used for incremental computation purposes. The paper focuses on describing the architecture and infrastructural framework of a data manipulation system (Garcia, 2013). The significance of conducting a thorough research in this field is necessary as more and more organizations face the growing need to manage the large pool of data originating from different functions and operations of business. The research is based on the evaluation of database architectures and implementation of a generic framework namely Incoop. The significance of this particular research lies in the larger field of the database management and data analytics to manage the ever growing amount of business data and information as an integral part of organizations services and operations in general (Zhang et al., 2015). The present study focuses on an incremental computation system Incoop that incorporates designs and computations in order to automatically respond to inputs and updates of data by using and reusing intermediate outcomes of previous runs of the program. Significance of the Study The research has undertook a thorough process of devising a system in order to achieve transparency and efficiency in the field of data processing and analytics utilized for meeting business goals. It aims to resolve issues in the computation of input data by the means of using algorithms and constructing programs based on large scale incremental parallel data processing (Liu and Li, 2015). The researcher conducted this particular project to develop a framework that significantly improves the efficiency of incremental programs. The framework helps in processing large data sets generated by organizations in a distributed computing environment. It establishes efficient approaches in incremental computations. The design of Incoop uses the fundamental aspects of Hadoop based data analytics framework for storing, processing clusters of data and handle very large data sets with a facility of massive storage (Liu and Li, 2015). The terminologies used for the specific purpose is divided into three components of computations such as Map tasks, Reduce tasks and Contraction tasks. The core design specification of Incoop involves incremental HDFS and a memorization server or memorization aware scheduler. To be more specific, the three phases are considered in the process of implementing the system in a distributed database environment (Qian et al., 2012). The incremental map is targeted to store the intermediate results between iterative runs as mentioned earlier. Thereafter, these results are stored in the memorization server using hashing techniques. Therefore, Incoop provides a memorization based scheduling technique in order to enhance the efficiency and transparency of large scale distributed data processing. Background of the Study The current research over MapReduce paradigm has emphasized on huge data blocks and data processing workflow. The existing MapReduce programs are mainly an execution system for other frameworks (Lam et al. 2012). The researchers have overviewed two workflows with efficient incremental process in the Incoop context. The background of the study deals with those two workflows namely as Incremental Log Processing and Incremental Query Processing. Incremental Log Processing Figure 3.1: Speedup results for Incremental Log Processing (Source: Bhatotia et al., 2011, pp. 7) The Incremental Log Processing is necessary for Internet Service Provider (ISP) organizations. The logs of data are analyzed with respect to several ways daily. The click-log area and the web several logs are collectively stored in an inventory and the data is processed for several purposes as the counting clicks statistics checking, creation of session for clicking (Yan et al. 2012). The Incremental Log Processing is performed with Apache Flume, with distributed, reliable data collecting and aggregating service with large block of data serving. The process summarizes data and stores them into Inc-HDFS data store. The Incoop starts the data analysis process with incrementing the storage locations and dumping the intermediate results. The performance evaluation process with Flume is performed with runtime comparison between Incoop and Hadoop. The performance evaluation process was based on the Incremental Log Processing constraint over two separate frameworks. The test is conducted with some initial log document analysis and later compiling some new entries of logs in the document. Later the document is processed with incremental approach with larger data collection. The research provides result of speedup for Incoop with a speedup factor of 4 to 2.5 with comparison to Hadoop framework (Figure 3.1). The Hadoop processes incremental log and compiles at a size of 5% to 25% from initial log input size. Incremental Query Processing The researchers have analyzed another workflow as Incremental Query Processing providing significant benefits of Incoop. The workflow is important in view of ISP companies with same query processing for changing data set. The Incoop integration with Pig is performed for feasibility analysis of query processing (Doulkeridis and Norvag, 2014). The Pig is the platform for large data block analysis built from Hadoop framework. Pig is the high-level query language with similarity over SQL. Pig provides easy coding with larger data analysis and the helps ISP companies for information analysis. The Pig programs are appended with multi-staged MapReduce process, with underpinning execution process of Pig applications. The applications are word count and PigMix for benchmarking of effectiveness (Kalavri and Vlassov, 2013). The runtime is estimated with 15% of the first run and the speedup is estimated as a factor of three for unmodified input with incremental rum. The results are identified as follows (Table 6.2). The Word count application checks with Group_by and Order_by filter shows speedup of 2.84 with 15.65% of overhead for performance. On the other hand, PigMix benchmark checks with Group_by feature and identifies speedup of 3.33 with 14.5% of overhead comparison. Application Features M/R stages Overhead Speedup Word count Group_by and Order_by filter 3 15.65% 2.84 PigMix benchmark for scalability Group_by feature 1 14.5% 3.33 Table 6.2: Results from Incremental Query Processing (Source: Bhatotia et al., 2011, pp. 7) Alternatives Techniques There are significant disadvantages to the Incoop methodology as they leave from the worldview of MapReduce programming as well as consequently oblige transforms to the substantial accessible foundation of MapReduce projects (Kalavri and Vlassov, 2013). In addition, major issue is that they necessitate software engineering to formulate a dynamic calculation keeping in mind the end goal to process information productively in an incremental way. Along these lines, there exist different strategies that beat the real negative parts of this innovation as said underneath: i2MapReduce (Incremental Iterative MapReduce): As a rule, the progressions affect just a little part of the information sets, and the recently iteratively joined state is entirely near the beforehand focalized state. Along these lines, i2MapReduce abuses this perception to spare re-calculation by beginning from the already united state, and by performing incremental upgrades on the evolving information (Zhang et al., 2015). There are different components identified with the improvement of this system as: Iterative Processing: A progression of dispersed structures has as of late developed for expansive scale iterative calculation in the cloud subsequently there are systems that enhance MapReduce. Hadoop, a changed adaptation of Hadoop, enhances the proficiency of iterative calculations by employing so as to make the assignment scheduler circle mindful and storing systems. One-time Incremental Processing: MapReduce results in an incremental manner by adjusting view upkeep methods, which gives a general answer for the incremental support of MapReduce projects that process self-viable totals. As opposed to one-time calculation, i2MapReduce addresses the test of supporting incremental preparing for iterative calculation. MadLINQ: The MadLINQ addresses the accompanying two critical exploration issues: the requirement for a profoundly versatile, proficient and issue tolerant network calculation framework that is additionally simple to develop along with the consistent combination of typical particular engines for execution in a universally useful information parallel figuring framework. MadLINQ uncovered a bound together model of programming to both lattice calculation as well as application engineers (Doulkeridis and Norvag, 2014). MadLINQ embeds an arrangement of area particular dialect develops into a broadly useful programming dialect (C#), like the methodology undertaken by DryadLINQ and FlumeJava for programming of parallel information. Thus, the embedding permits to uncover a model of unified programming for creating both grid calculations along with applications. The components of the MadLINQ project are outlined as underneath: Programmability: The MadLINQ uses Tile algorithm in modern language and has high expressiveness with regards to experimental algorithms Execution Model: The Dataflow at tile level performs with block-level pipelining across tile execution Scalability: No limitation of problem size; presentation bounded by tile-level parallelism, enhanced with block-level pipelining Handling of failures: There is exact re-computation at granularity of blocks The present accentuation by the framework group on adaptable motors, for example, MapReduce, DryadLINQ as well as Hive are not unintentional. The mentioned frameworks speak to with scale-out a subset of the mainly helpful social variable based math APIs. Limitations of the Study The limitations of the study involve lack of sufficient comparisons with the other similar types of incremental frameworks. Furthermore, the study does not contain proper explanation as to how the methods are implemented in order to generate the perceptual incremental changes. To be more specific, the process of garbage collection utilized in the programming process has been criticized by many other researchers. The main area considered in the research is content based chunking which helps detecting the incremental changes in the input data (Gupta, P., Kumar, P. and (Gopal, 2015). However, MapReduce programming framework necessitates developing multiple splits in accordance with the number of blocks with respect to the map tasks. In this particular research, the researcher tried to parallelize the powerful tools of data processing but despite that it has the following main limitations identified: State-less: after completion of the map and reduce tasks, the outputs are written onto a distributed file system and the memorization scheduler is informed thereafter (Holmes, 2012). Therefore, the intermediate results are deleted by a particular cleanup method. This process requires the system to create a new job each time a new input data arrives. For this reason, it is referred to as stateless. Stage independent: The two stages of this particular process are map stage and reduce stage both of which are independent of the execution of the other. The map stage focuses on executing map method in terms of input split allocations (Tan, Meng and Zhang, 2012). The reduce stage further considers fetching input data from local nodes. Therefore, in this technique tasks involved in both map and reduce phases executes without being dependent on the other. Singe step: The order of execution for map and reduce tasks is only maintained once for a particular job. Map tasks are required to be completed at different times whereas reduce tasks are focused on copying the intermediate outputs once there is a successful completion of the map tasks. Future Scope for the Study The study mainly undertook a project targeted to implement large scale data processing in order to achieve significant performance improvements in the field of incremental computations. Since the lunching of Hadoop MapReduce systems, there have been a significant number of research and further step forwards to uncover the unlimited advantages and utilizations in this particular area (Sakr, Liu and Fayoumi, 2013). To be more specific, the issue regarding fault tolerance is a significant one that needs to be addressed in the future scope of research in this field. Even though fault tolerance can help in gaining improved performance, however MapReduce can be taken into next higher levels by properly addressing this issue. One way to do this is to balance or quantify the tradeoff between performance and fault tolerance. For this purpose, adequate study in Hadoop framework can be conducted which can unveil capabilities that provide automatic fault tolerance techniques and adjustment methods depending on the cluster characteristics and application programs. Another issue can be addressed in the future studies of this topic (Ghuli et al., 2015). It is the lack of standard benchmark which in turn can effectively compare the different implementations of Hadoop framework. The different systems are to be analyzed based on separate data sets, set of applications and deployments. Benefits and Drawbacks of the Study As proposed by numerous specialists, business DBMSs have embraced "one size fits all" procedure as well as are not suitable for explaining to a great degree vast scale information preparing assignments. There has been an interest for extraordinary reason information preparing instruments that are customized for such issues (Lam et al., 2012). While MapReduce is alluded to as another method for preparing enormous information in server farm registering, it is likewise scrutinized as a "noteworthy step in reverse" in parallel information handling in correlation with DBMS. This study shows an unmistakable tradeoff in the middle of effectiveness and adaptation to non-critical failure. MapReduce expands the adaptation to non-critical failure of long-lasting examination by regular checkpoints of finished assignments and information replication. In any case, the successive I/Os required for adaptation to internal failure lessen proficiency. Parallel DBMS goes for productivity instead of adaptation to non-critical failure. DBMS effectively abuses pipelining middle of the road results between inquiry administrators. In any case, it causes a potential peril that many operations need be revamped when a disappointment happens. With this central distinction, the advantages and disadvantages of the MapReduce system can be sorted as beneath: Advantages Usability: The MapReduce model is basic however expressive. From the perspective of MapReduce, a software engineer characterizes the employment with just Map along with Reduce capacities, exclusive of specifying substantial conveyance of the individuals occupation crosswise over hubs. Adaptable: This computation technology does not have any reliance on information model as well as blueprint (Bhatotia et al., 2014). The assistances of MapReduce helps a software engineer to manage unpredictable or free information more effortlessly than can be done with the help of DBMS. Independent of Storage: The MapReduce is fundamentally autonomous as of basic accumulative layers. Accordingly, MapReduce can effort with diverse application layers, for example, BigTable and others. Adaptation to non-critical failure: MapReduce is exceptionally blamed tolerant. For instance, it is accounted for that MapReduce can keep on working regardless of a normal of 1.2 disappointments for each investigation work at Google (Alam and Ahmed, 2014). High versatility: The best point of interest of utilizing MapReduce is high adaptability. The site Yahoo! states that their Hadoop rigging could extent in 2008 out to more than 4,000 hubs. Disadvantages No High Level Language: There is none backing for any high level language as SQL in DBMS and techniques for optimization of query in MapReduce. Clients ought to code their executions in Map along with Reduce capacities. No schema and index: The MapReduce is free of schema and index. A MR employment can exert directly after its data is stacked into its accumulative layer. Nevertheless, this spontaneous preparing discards the advantages of information demonstrating (Dittrich and Quiane-Ruiz, 2012). MapReduce necessitates parsing everything at reading the input and changing it into information objects for information preparing, bringing about execution debasement. A Single unaltered dataflow: MapReduce gives the convenience with a basic deliberation, however in a settled dataflow. Consequently, numerous unpredictable calculations are difficult to execute with Map along with Reduce just in a MR work. Additionally, a few calculations that require different contributions are not all around strengthened following the dataflow of MapReduce is initially intended to peruse a solitary info and produce a solitary yield. Low efficiency: With adaptation to non-critical failure and versatility as its essential objectives, MapReduce executions are not generally upgraded for Input and Output proficiency. A move to the following stage cannot be made until every one of the undertakings of the present stage is done. Therefore, pipeline parallelism ought not to be misused. Additionally, piece level starts over, a coordinated rearranging technique, and a straightforward runtime planning can likewise bring down the productivity per hub (Zhang and Chen, 2013). This framework does not have particular arrangements for execution and does not enhance procedures like those that DBMS follows to minimize information exchange crosswise over hubs. Along these lines, MapReduce regularly demonstrates poorer execution than DBMS. Likewise, the MapReduce structure has an inertness issue that originates from its intrinsic group preparing nature. All of inputs for a MR Job ought to be arranged ahead of time for handling. Conclusion The MapReduce framework supports incremental processing of input data based on storing of intermediate results or preservation of intermediate states. The map and reduce phases and their corresponding functions dynamically resolves the issues with data processing efficiency and speed. The purpose of this research was to follow the API parameters and submit the jobs as they arrive, process them without modifying the application programming details and algorithms. The paper carries out a thorough evaluation of the effectiveness in the overall performance of Incoop system with respect to transparency and efficiency. The efficiency is based on providing transparency so as to create abstraction that does not need to the users to have knowledge about the methods used to process the incremental data. Therefore, the study has successfully evaluated the aspects and functionalities of MapReduce as a programming model to process and analyze massive data sets used by industries. In the present s tudy, Incoop is a design model which establishes an incremental approach to it. Several other frameworks exist one of which is Apache Hadoop framework. Incoop inputs are also considered to be hadoop based. 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Muppet: MapReduce-style processing of fast data.Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment,5(12), 1814-1825. Liu, Q. and Li, X. (2015). A New Parallel Item-Based Collaborative Filtering Algorithm Based on Hadoop.JSW, 10(4), pp.416-426. Markonis, D., Schaer, R., Eggel, I., Muller, H. and Depeursinge, A., (2012), September. Using MapReduce for large-scale medical image analysis. In2012 IEEE Second International Conference on Healthcare Informatics, Imaging and Systems Biology(p. 1). IEEE. Qian, Z., Chen, X., Kang, N., Chen, M., Yu, Y., Moscibroda, T. and Zhang, Z., (2012), April. MadLINQ: large-scale distributed matrix computation for the cloud. InProceedings of the 7th ACM european conference on Computer Systems(pp. 197-210). ACM. Sakr, S., Liu, A. and Fayoumi, A.G., (2013). The family of MapReduce and large-scale data processing systems.ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR),46(1), p.11. Schildgen, J., Jorg, T., Hoffmann, M. and Debloch, S., (2014), June. Marimba: A Framework for Making MapReduce Jobs Incremental. InBig Data (BigData Congress), 2014 IEEE International Congress on(pp. 128-135). IEEE. Song, J., Guo, C., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Z. and Yu, G., (2015). Research on MapReduce Based Incremental Iterative Model and Framework.IETE Journal of Research,61(1), pp.32-40. Tan, J., Meng, X. and Zhang, L., (2012), June. Coupling scheduler for mapreduce/hadoop. InProceedings of the 21st international symposium on High-Performance Parallel and Distributed Computing(pp. 129-130). ACM. Varian, H.R., (2014). Big data: New tricks for econometrics.The Journal of Economic Perspectives, pp.3-27. Wang, L., Tao, J., Ranjan, R., Marten, H., Streit, A., Chen, J. and Chen, D., (2013). G-Hadoop: MapReduce across distributed data centers for data-intensive computing.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(3), pp.739-750. Yan, C., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Li, M. and Li, X., (2012), June. Incmr: Incremental data processing based on mapreduce. InCloud Computing (CLOUD), 2012 IEEE 5th International Conference on(pp. 534-541). IEEE. Yao, H., Xu, J., Luo, Z. and Zeng, D., (2015). MEMoMR: Accelerate MapReduce via reuse of intermediate results.Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience. Yin, J., Liao, Y., Baldi, M., Gao, L. and Nucci, A., (2013), June. Efficient analytics on ordered datasets using MapReduce. InProceedings of the 22nd international symposium on High-performance parallel and distributed computing(pp. 125-126). ACM. Zaharia, M., Borthakur, D., Sarma, J.S., Elmeleegy, K., Shenker, S. and Stoica, I., 2012. Job scheduling for multi-user MapReduce clusters. Zhang, Q., Gao, Y., Chen, Z. and Zhang, X. (2015). Scheduling Optimization Algorithm Based on Hadoop.JACN, 3(3), pp.197-200. Zhang, Y. and Chen, S., (2013), August. i 2 MapReduce: incremental iterative MapReduce. InProceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Cloud Intelligence(p. 3). ACM. Zhang, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Q. and Yu, G., (2015). i2MapReduce: Incremental MapReduce for Mining Evolving Big Data.

Strict Construtionalism Essays - Strict Constructionism, Government

Strict Construtionalism The Possibilities of a Strict Interpretation of the Constitution The Supreme Court ruling on McCulloch vs. Maryland dramatically impacted the United States. The life of every American would have been more dependent on the States rather than the United States. The emphasis of power would focus on the sovereignty of the local, or State, branches of the government. This is the exact opposite of our currently domineering federal government. The United States would have become a totally different nation if the doctrine of strict constructionism had been followed. The first difference of life would be the support the national government would both give and receive. The federal government would be far less bureaucratic. This is mainly because the government would not have the funds for it. They would demand less in taxes and would have much less to spend it on. The government would not have any assistance programs to spend its money on. The Social Security Act would not exist unless it was administered through State government. Another part of the government that would be altered would be the act of factioning. Without liberal constructionism, the government would probably been split up during the Civil War. The emphasis on State control would have overridden the necessity to preserve the Union. The power of the States would prove superior to the rights and privileges of the national government, thus giving the authority to separate from the Union to the States. The government from would be much reminiscent of a confederation. The United States would not really be united at all. The inability to make useful and convenient laws would ultimately cause a separation in the legal system. There would be no way of the national government to regulate any State rules. Without liberal constructionism, the United States would not be advanced as a world super power. The United States government would not have been able to connect a nation. The United States would not have had the opportunity to create a highway system or a communication network. The advances would also be hampered by the inability to create NASA or other government funded research initiatives. Without such program our nation would have lost the space race and probably would have had many more casualties in the various fighting capacities it has taken on. Liberal constructionism is, was, and will be vital to the survival of the nation. Liberal constructionism, in essence, is vital in uniting the nation. Without this interpretation our nation would be much worse off. The Supreme Court justices in retrospect made a wise decision when favoring McCulloch. Despite the vehement hate towards a strong federal government, the governments of this world simply cannot operate when power is centered in local governments. Politics Essays

The American industrial revolution essay

The American industrial revolution essay The American industrial revolution essay The American industrial revolution essayThe revolutionary nature of the last quarter of the nineteenth century impacted Native Americans, Immigrants and Farmers. In his speech, William Jennings Bryan placed emphasis on the economic development of the country, as well as on the commercial interests of the nation. He evaluated the Gold Standard as an important financial order (Bryan, W. J. (1896, July 8). It is known that the use of the Gold Standard in the nation’s currency occurred in the late19-th century.The most revolutionary social and economic developments of the last quarter of the nineteenth century include the American Civil War (1861-1865), the growth of the U.S. industrial power, the emergence of new technologies (interchangeable parts, the use of assembly line, the invention of the gasoline engine, etc.), expansion of domestic and foreign markets, transportation system (the building of railroads), transformation of agriculture sectors (sharecropping system), etc. (B owles, 2011). In Hawksworth’s The American industrial revolution, there is much important information on the effects of the revolutionary social and economic developments on people in the United States.Different groups of Americans responded to those changes in different ways. Native Americans encountered the annexation of their territories. They were removed to reservations. For Immigrants, the last quarter of the nineteenth century was a period of adaptation. The wave of immigration from Ireland, Italy and many other countries led to changing cultural context. Many Immigrants faced discrimination because of their religious beliefs. For example, â€Å"Catholicism and Judaism were foreign to the primarily Protestant Americans† (Gabbidon, 2010, p. 68). Besides, Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prohibited mass immigration from Asian countries. Farmers faced the problem of unfair prices or price discrimination in the late 19-th century. The effectiveness of their responses w as obvious. People protested against discrimination and inequalities. Government played an important role in these developments because of legislation, which limited the rights of Native Americans, Immigrants and Farmers.

The Broken Window Fallacy

The Broken Window Fallacy If you read the news, you may have noticed that journalists and politicians often like to point out that natural disasters, wars, and other destructive events can boost an economys production because they create demand for rebuilding work. Granted, this may be true in specific cases where resources (labor, capital, etc.) would otherwise have been unemployed, but does it really mean that disasters are economically beneficial? 19th-century political economist Frederic Bastiat offered an answer to such a question in his 1850 essay That Which Is Seen and That Which Is Unseen. (This was, of course, translated from the French Ce quon voit et ce quon ne voit pas.) Bastiats reasoning goes as follows: Â   Have you ever witnessed the anger of the good shopkeeper, James Goodfellow, when his careless son happened to break a pane of glass? If you have been present at such a scene, you will most assuredly bear witness to the fact that every one of the spectators, were there even thirty of them, by common consent apparently, offered the unfortunate owner this invariable consolation- It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. Everybody must live, and what would become of the glaziers if panes of glass were never broken?Now, this form of condolence contains an entire theory, which it will be well to show up in this simple case, seeing that it is precisely the same as that which, unhappily, regulates the greater part of our economical institutions.Suppose it cost six francs to repair the damage, and you say that the accident brings six francs to the glaziers trade- that it encourages that trade to the amount of six francs- I grant it; I have not a word to say against it; you reason justly. The glazier comes, performs his task, receives his six francs, rubs his hands, and, in his heart, blesses the careless child. All this is that which is seen.But if, on the other hand, you come to the conclusion, as is too often the case, that it is a good thing to break windows, that it causes money to circulate, and that the encouragement of industry in general will be the result of it, you will oblige me to call out, Stop there! Your theory is confined to that which is seen; it takes no account of that which is not seen.It is not seen that as our shopkeeper has spent six francs upon one thing, he cannot spend them upon another. It is not seen that if he had not had a window to replace, he would, perhaps, have replaced his old shoes, or added another book to his library. In short, he would have employed his six francs in some way, which this accident has prevented. In this parable, the thirty people telling the shopkeeper that the broken window is a good thing because it keeps the glazier employed are the equivalent of the journalists and politicians who say that natural disasters are actually an economic boon. Bastiats point, on the other hand, is that the economic activity generated for the glazier is only half of the picture, and its, therefore, a mistake to look at the benefit to the glazier in isolation. Instead, a proper analysis considers both the fact that the glaziers business is helped and the fact that the money used to pay the glazier is then not available for some other business activity, whether it be a purchase of a suit, some books, etc. Bastiats point, in a way, is about opportunity cost- unless resources are idle, they must be shifted away from one activity in order to be shifted toward another. One can even extend Bastiats logic to question how much of a net benefit the glazier receives in this scenario. If the glaziers time and energy are finite, then he is likely shifting his resources away from other jobs or pleasurable activities in order to repair the shopkeepers window. The glaziers net benefit is presumably still positive since he chose to fix the window rather than carry on with his other activities, but his well-being is not likely to increase by the full amount that he is paid by the shopkeeper. (Similarly, the suit maker and book sellers resources wont necessarily sit idle, but they will still suffer a loss.) It is quite possible, then, that the economic activity following from the broken window merely represents a somewhat artificial shift from one industry to another rather than an overall increase. Add into that calculation the fact that a perfectly good window got broken, and it becomes clear that its only under very specific circumstances that the broken window could be good for the economy as a whole. So why do people insist on trying to make such a seemingly misguided argument regarding destruction and production? One potential explanation is that they believe that there are resources that are idle in the economy- i.e. that the shopkeeper was hoarding cash under his mattress before the window was broken rather than buying the suit or the books or whatever. While it is true, under these circumstances, that breaking the window would increase production in the short-term, it is a mistake to assume without sufficient evidence that these conditions hold. Furthermore, it would always be still better to convince the shopkeeper to spend his money on something of value without resorting to destroying his property. Interestingly enough, the possibility that a broken window could increase short-run production highlights a secondary point that Bastiat was trying to make with his parable, namely that there is an important distinction between production and wealth. To illustrate this contrast, imagine the world where everything that people want to consume is already in abundant supply- new production would be zero, but its doubtful that anyone would be complaining. On the other hand, a society with no existing capital would likely be working feverishly to make stuff but wouldnt be very happy about it. (Perhaps Bastiat should have written another parable about a guy who says The bad news is that my house got destroyed. The good news is that I now have a job making houses.) In summary, even if breaking the window were to increase production in the short run, the act cannot maximize true economic well-being in the long run simply because it will always be better to not break the window and spend resources making valuable new stuff than it is to break the window and spend those same resources replacing something that already existed.

Case Study (Prepare a professional public relations plan and two PR Essay

Case Study (Prepare a professional public relations plan and two PR tools. Based on a real case) - Essay Example In 2012, Tesla’s founder and CEO Elon Musk declared that in the year 2013, Tesla will start becoming profitable and central to this ambition is the launch of Tesla S car model (Tesla 2013). The Electric Vehicle market is estimated to steadily expand in the near future. The forecast is approximately 0.6 – 0.9 percent increase in the year 2015, 9 percent in 2020 and 22 percent in 2030 (JP Morgan 2010; Bloomberg 2010). The market expansion is partly attributed to US government support and the increase in the interest of the consumers in green technology. The U.S. Department of Energy, for instance, has introduced the Advanced Technology Vehicle Manufacturing Loan Program, has increased public charging stations and supported the drive to reduce battery pack costs (DOE 2010). Tesla, as a brand, is identified, with the luxury market and is viewed as a high technology automobile manufacturer in the business of selling EVs and electric powertrains. It sets itself apart from the competition by delivering environmentally-friendly/green/sustainable vehicles alongside the all the features of a luxury car such as design, materials, speed, handling, comfort and experience. The Tesla S car enjoys all these benefits. The Tesla S model is expected to compete with EV products that are just being developed by carmakers like Audi, BMW, Lexus and Mercedes and would also directly compete with hybrid cars are already in the market such as Toyota with its Prius car, which is the so-called â€Å"unofficial greenmobile of Toyota and the world† (Siler 2012). Again, it is important to note that Tesla S seeks the luxury market and, hence, could also go head to head with non-green luxury cars. All in all, Tesla S technology will be challenged by Audi and BMW: Audi has an ambitious plan to be the leading electric vehicles by 2020. It is integrated in its recent electric mobility strategy and underpins its recent plan to

Robots in Ophthalmology Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Robots in Ophthalmology - Article Example Sociologist Alvin Toffler may have travelled through time and witness the future when he said, "Technology makes more technology possible". He is right, as after thirty-seven years of rapid technological advancement here were are facing a what he called "abrupt collision with the future" (Toffler 1970), and practically living with these amazing technologies created to make life easier in our homes, built to run our industries, and designed to perform medical care to save lives. Technology in the medical field has come along way; molecular and biometrics, wave technology, nanotechnology, and robot aided surgery is now possible (Combs 2005). As nanotechnology makes it possible to build up materials and systems to produce new physical, chemical and biological properties out of existing common materials, robotics are all about computer controlled mechanical devices built to mimic human movements and intelligence (Woods 2007).Advanced robotic products such as surgical robots are now commo n in operating rooms of large medical centres, and it is recognized as a dynamic surgical tool for enhancing human surgeon's dexterity in less invasive surgical procedures Although their high cost prohibits general use, initial applications of these robots considerably prove their clinical benefits and surgical potential. In general, intelligent surgical robots main advantages are its ability to register medical images accurately, to move consistently without exhaustion and tremor, work in a hazardous environments unsuitable to human surgeons, and their ability to reposition instruments swiftly and precisely through complicated trajectories or on top of numerous targets. The precision and steadiness of these robots is what makes them ideal for surgical procedures particularly in delicate eye surgery (Webster and Li 2003). Although robots are precise and steady, there is no evidence that they can perform cataract removal surgery alone or perform any surgery independently. They merely serve as robotic mechanical arms for ophthalmologist performing remote surgery through a three dimensional virtual-reality console. With hands and head partly inserted inside the console, the surgeon moves his hands as if he is directly performing the surgery while the robot is simultaneously imitating the movement of the surgeons arm and physically performing the operation. Surgical robot now is more like an interventional piece of technology than a self-sufficient intelligent machine. For instance, the popular surgical robot, the da Vinci Surgical System (see Fig. 1), priced at more than one million dollar, is just a three arm (with 4th optional arm) mechanical machine equipped with a variety of electronic hardware who perform surgery by following instantaneous instructions from a surgeon while imitating his hands and ar ms movements. There is no known technology yet that is capable of virtually emulating a human surgeon's competence and senses particularly in the field of ophthalmology. Although ophthalmic surgery with a robot can increase precision, speed, and eliminate tremor, they do not have substantial or convincing advantage similar to robots in other surgical fields (Roach 2007). For instance, using the same da Vinci Surgical robot in heart surgery provides a better alternative to customary chest cracking technique, lengthy incision, bone cutting, and ripping of the ribs. Since "cutting people open is no longer the focus of modern surgery" ( Darzi 2007).The success rate of robot assisted closed chest surgery approach and less invasive surgeries shows significant positive results particularly in patient's health and quick recovery; since they do not have to endure the excruciating traditional surgery procedures with large incisions involved (Goldschmidt 2007). However, surgical robot in general is still in a transition stage and used primarily as a tool. They still do not have the capability and intelligence of a real surgeon who can perform surgery independe

The study of physics has had Essay Example for Free

The study of physics has had Essay Introduction The study of physics has had a large impact on the development of road safety. The study of Newtons Laws, impulse and momentum help to reduce initial momentum or decrease impulse (rate of change of momentum) to protect passengers. Technological advances and studies of vehicle crashes increase the automobile industrys understanding of the forces involved and ways of reducing effects of collisions. Within vehicles, many car safety devices are installed, such as seat belts, air bags, crumple zones and head rests. Modern road design reduces the initial or rate of change of momentum and consequently the impact of collision through crash barriers, speed zones and speed humps. Car safety devices Seatbelts Seatbelts are designed so that passengers are restrained instead of continuing to move forward at the cars speed when the brakes of a moving vehicle are applied. In this situation, there is a tendency for a body to resist changes to its motion, called inertia. (Newtons first law) The stopping force is applied to the more durable parts of the body such as hips, chest and shoulder. This is instead of the human head crashing into windshield if no seat belt is worn. Inertia reel seatbelts Inertia reel seatbelts have a cylinder that stores extra belt material on a spool. The spool turns freely normally for movement. In the event of a sudden change in velocity, a pendulum in the reel plunges forward to lock and restrain the occupant. It is named inertia reel due to the inertia of the pendulum to cause belt locking. Different types of seatbelt The lap seatbelt is tightened over the pelvis and absorbs force over a sizeable area. However they do not prevent the head and upper body from lurching forward in response to deceleration and are inadequate especially for front passengers, who risk hitting the windscreen. The lap sash seatbelt combines a lap seatbelt over the pelvis as well as over one shoulder across the chest. This greatly limits movement of the upper body and head as well as spreading the stopping force over a larger area. Shoulder harnesses restrain upper torso movement even further. Two are belts fall over the shoulders and an optional strap lies over the sternum. It is effective in the way force is spread over both shoulders compared to one shoulder in lap sash. Shoulder harnesses are usually used in child restraint systems and racing cars. The nylon webbing material in seatbelts is slightly flexible so that the stop is not as abrupt. Airbags Airbags provide an extra degree of protection in a collision by cushioning passengers in a collision, greatly limiting fatalities and serious injury. They are designed to increase the time interval during which the drivers momentum decreases in a collision to decrease the net force of the driver. They inflate when crash sensors detect large deceleration. Sensors then ignite the sodium azide, producing sodium compounds and nitrogen gas for a reactive explosion. The airbags inflate rapidly to cushion the impact of the passenger against the steering wheel, dashboard or windshield. Airbags are to be used with seatbelts, not as a replacement. A disadvantage of airbags is they provide no protection against side-on hits, only frontal collisions. More expensive cars are developing side airbags to combat this. Head rests Padded headrests provide protection in rear end collisions. When a car is rear-ended, a large net force pushes the car and it accelerates forward. The inertia, based on Newtons first law, pushes the passenger into the seat. Without a head rest for support, the head remains at rest until the spine pulls it forward. This sudden, sharp acceleration for the head causes it to fling back and results in hyperextension and whiplash injuries. Crumple Zones Many cars are designed to crumple at the front and rear. Crumple zones increase the time interval during which the momentum of the car changes during a collision, thus lessening the forces. Newtons second law (f=ma) can be applied, as increased ? time will result in a decreasing rate of deceleration a and consequently reduce force. Crumple zones are built using the integration of steel and fiberglass in the front and rear end assemblies of the automobile. Rigid structures between crumple zones protect the passenger compartment. In a collision, the crumple zones deform to slow the actual impact. The car doesnt regain all its original kinetic energy, as some of this is converted to heat and sound energy to reduce damage to passenger area through smaller forces. As crumple zones are placed in strategic locations, the collapse is controlled and energy from impact is directed away from passenger area. Road design Speed humps and low speed zones. Local councils introduced Speed Humps to reduce the overall speed of cars. Evidence shows that slower moving cars cause less damage to occupants if a crash results. It has been estimated that risk of death or serious brain damage doubles with every 16km/h over 80km/h. Speed humps restrict drivers from speeding as hitting the hump too fast can cause car damage. Low speed zones also reduce the speed of cars. A reduction of speed will reduce the chance of an accident as drivers have more time to react as well as decreasing the change in momentum and associated inertial forces in collisions. The police enforces speed signs and limit zones and speeding is monitored by speed cameras. In NSW, the general urban limit is 60 km/h for roads in built up areas where there are pedestrians. Crash Barriers Crash barriers are road design features that absorb the impact of collisions. They are constructed out of steel, concrete or wire. Some types of rigid crash barriers cannot absorb much of the kinetic energy of the vehicle, but keep the vehicle on the road and prevent crashing into more dangerous roadside hazards or cars from opposite direction. Crash barriers should be relatively weak with energy absorbing structures so that they can deform easily and transfer large amounts of kinetic energy to them in collisions. For barriers shielding against hazards such as trees, they need to be a fair distance away, as space is needed for it to deform. When a vehicle collides, the barriers deform and stop the vehicle through a plowing action, keeping the reaction forces relatively low. The impulse (change in momentum) is reduced, as the vehicle takes longer to slow down. The disadvantage of crash barriers is they may cause vehicle damage (crumpling) and rigid ones may deflect a car into the opposite lane. The advance of road safety The development of vehicles with greater size, power and momentum has resulted in the need for improvements in car safety devices and modern road design. The study of physics has allowed safety features in both the interior and exterior of cars to prevent large forces acting on passengers in collisions. This is why researchers and engineers are continually turning to laws of physics for advice. Road design features reduce initial velocity to reduce the risk of accidents as well as its impact on the passenger. Automotive safety companies are continuing to develop devices to improve vehicle safety, including inflatable seatbelts, 4-point seatbelts and knee airbags to name a few. With the large percentage of the population driving forces, momentum, impulse and energy are all factors that must be controlled as our lives depend on it.

Alfred Hitchcock :: essays research papers

Alfred Hitchcock   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a cinematographer, I see Alfred Hitchcock as one of the most influential people in the history of the silver screen. My synopsis of his films, however, will be through the eyes of a young man that has witnessed tragedy. I could sit and rant and rave about how Hitchcock was a great director, his films were awesome, etc., but I’ll spare you of that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I would much rather discuss the attack, but since I must write this paper about his cinema work, I’ll try and compare the two movies we watched to the situation. I’ll start first with Rear Window. Rear Window is a film that deals not only with the human instinct of voyeurism, but also with the sheer animalistic sadism that can be found deep within our natures. Rear Window demonstrated both of these observances, by showing most of the film through the eyes of a innocent bystander, an injured man who was simply trying to pass the time. We could compare Jimmy Stewart’s character to ever American on the morning of September 11, 2001. We were all going about our business, when all of the sudden we noticed an outburst of xtreme brutality. In the end of the film, we see the group try and solve the puzzle by sending Grace Kelly’s character to investigate the apartment. We could also relate this to what the United State’s government is tr ying to do at this very moment; rummaging through the apartment of death to try and find anything that would be helpful in solving this catastrophe. All in all, I think Rear Window, one of the first of Hitchcock’s great films, is a picture that really somewhat contradicts it’s self by having two inconsistent themes: The innocence of the average human being, but also how that same supposedly innocent human being can be so cruel and vicious.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hitchcock had a tendency to make contradictions in his films, not in the films themselves, but in the underlying messages that those films carry. Take Psycho for example; it shows that even though we may suspect that someone or something has malevolent intentions, we are still shocked when they/it actually does something malevolent (as in the case of Norman Bates’ mother). We can see this like the attack on the World Trade Center itself. We didn’t expect such a sophisticated attack, but we knew there was evil afoot. Alfred Hitchcock :: essays research papers Alfred Hitchcock   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a cinematographer, I see Alfred Hitchcock as one of the most influential people in the history of the silver screen. My synopsis of his films, however, will be through the eyes of a young man that has witnessed tragedy. I could sit and rant and rave about how Hitchcock was a great director, his films were awesome, etc., but I’ll spare you of that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I would much rather discuss the attack, but since I must write this paper about his cinema work, I’ll try and compare the two movies we watched to the situation. I’ll start first with Rear Window. Rear Window is a film that deals not only with the human instinct of voyeurism, but also with the sheer animalistic sadism that can be found deep within our natures. Rear Window demonstrated both of these observances, by showing most of the film through the eyes of a innocent bystander, an injured man who was simply trying to pass the time. We could compare Jimmy Stewart’s character to ever American on the morning of September 11, 2001. We were all going about our business, when all of the sudden we noticed an outburst of xtreme brutality. In the end of the film, we see the group try and solve the puzzle by sending Grace Kelly’s character to investigate the apartment. We could also relate this to what the United State’s government is tr ying to do at this very moment; rummaging through the apartment of death to try and find anything that would be helpful in solving this catastrophe. All in all, I think Rear Window, one of the first of Hitchcock’s great films, is a picture that really somewhat contradicts it’s self by having two inconsistent themes: The innocence of the average human being, but also how that same supposedly innocent human being can be so cruel and vicious.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hitchcock had a tendency to make contradictions in his films, not in the films themselves, but in the underlying messages that those films carry. Take Psycho for example; it shows that even though we may suspect that someone or something has malevolent intentions, we are still shocked when they/it actually does something malevolent (as in the case of Norman Bates’ mother). We can see this like the attack on the World Trade Center itself. We didn’t expect such a sophisticated attack, but we knew there was evil afoot.

An analysis of Virginia Woolf’s Essay

During the time in which she wrote Mrs Dalloway, on June 19, 1923, Virginia Woolf made a diary entry which expressed a key thought she intended to incorporate in the novel: †In this book, I have almost too many ideas. I want to give life and death, sanity and insanity. I want to criticise the social system, and show it at work, at its most intense. † While some critics have insisted that Virginia Woolf did not care about social values, her husband later said that she was profoundly interested in the social issues of the world around her. This is borne out in Mrs. Dalloway, which does not turn away from the social and political issues of her time. Her characters turn to politics, questioning the status quo and the social order in which they lived. Woolf largely addressed these issues indirectly, showing her views in her works without the authorial interpretation that might be found in a traditional novel; she leaves final judgement to her readers. Mrs Dalloway came at a time when many social critics in England questioned the prevailing ideology. Prior to the war, England had stood at the head of a great empire, upon which the sun never set. When the war ended, England counted herself among the victorious powers, but the horrific losses of the war had destroyed the imperial confidence. In the wake of the war, many people sought to break out of the old thinking to find some new way of understanding the world. In the opening sentence of the novel, Clarissa Dalloway proclaims her independence: â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway said she would buy the flowers herself. † (Woolf 3) She will do this because Lucy has so much work to do. First of all, â€Å" Mrs. Dalloway† and â€Å"Lucy. † Her maid has no last name, and her own name appends her to her husband. Further, while she feels she is taking on a part of the work that more properly is Lucy’s, her â€Å"work† is only a matter of buying flowers. Woolf injects similar irony throughout the novel, following on the idea suggested in this very first sentence, theme of social commentary. In Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf shows the abiding superficiality of the social order of which Clarissa Dalloway is a member. Early in this section, Clarissa Dalloway thinks of Miss Kilman, a Communist whom she regards as callous, because she brought out guilt feelings in Clarissa: Miss Kilman would do anything for the Russians, starved herself for the Austrians, but in private inflicted positive torture, so insensitive was she, dressed in a green mackintosh coat. Year in and year out she wore that cost; she perspired; she was never in the room five minutes without making you feel her superiority, your inferiority; how poor she was; how rich you were; how she lived in a slum without a cushion or a bed or a rug or whatever it might be, all her soul rusted with that grievance sticking in it, her dismissal from school during the War – (Woolf, 12) Doris Kilman is critical to this novel. She is an outsider, someone below the Dalloway’s class. In the mackintosh she wears almost as a uniform, she hates and resents them for the ease of their social graces, their wealth, and their class standing. She has been hired to tutor Miss Elizabeth Dalloway in history. While the Dalloways sought someone who could teach this subject â€Å"objectively,† in reality, she shows the meaning of â€Å"objectivity†: objectivity is built on objects, on the property that the rich have, and the poor do not. Miss Kilman covets what the Dalloways possess. She Clarissa Dalloway’s vanity and deceit, Miss Kilman has become convinced that she deserve their money or social position more than they do. In truth, however, she herself is vain, a reverse snob whose mackintosh smelling of sweat is her ensign, proof of her poverty, proof that she belongs to the lower orders, without the cushions and rugs. But her disaffection for that life is clear. Oddly, Miss Kilman turns to religion, ostensibly for solace and peace. although she uses the religiosity as a weapon against Clarissa Dalloway. She puffs herself up, comparing her sufferings with those of Christ, who warned of those who pray loudly in the public square that they already have their reward. She is dogmatic and self-righteous, the sacred messenger of a new faith. Ironically, Clarissa fears males, and looks most fondly for the companionship of women. Miss Kilman is a greater threat than any man in her life. However, it is more the idea that Miss Kilman represents than the woman herself. She has brought her destructive, envious force into the Dalloway house. Her target her is Elizabeth, Clarissa’s daughter. Even in this campaign, Woolf shows us the sides of Miss Kilman she would want to conceal: in the restaurant scene her wolfs her food, gulping down the sugared cakes and chocolate eclairs, a symbol of what she would like to do to the Dalloways, ready to eat their beauty, youth, money, and class. As she stuffs food into her mouth, Woolf focuses on her hands, opening and closing, like the convulsive stretching of the claws of a predatory cat. In the end, Miss Kilman finds no solace for her life, her church having turned arid on her.

The Giant Panda Conservation Project

Although pandas are highly regarded and have a relatively low number of natural predators, they are an endangered species. Humans have severely threatened the panda's existence also so that now there are fewer than 1,600 of them left in the wild. This peaceful creature with a distinctive black and white coat is adored by the world and considered a national treasure in China (WWF, 2013). The bear also is of special importance to the World Wildlife Fund. The panda has been WWF's logo since its founding in 1961. This paper will examine the effectiveness of, and problems related to, the giant panda conservation efforts. The rarest member of the bear family, pandas live mainly in bamboo forests high in the mountains of western China, where they subsist almost entirely on bamboo. They must eat from 26 to 84 pounds of it every day. China’s Yangtze Basin region, which holds the panda’s primary habitat, is the geographic and economic heart of this booming country. An increasing number of roads and railroads are being created throughout the forest, which isolates panda populations and prevents mating. Forest destruction also reduces pandas’ ability to access the bamboo they need to survive. The Chinese government has established more than 50 panda reserves. However, only around 61 per cent of the country’s panda population is protected by these reserves. With the help of conservation organizations and other groups, they have protected more than 45 per cent of the last mountainous regions, equaling over 6,000 square miles of mountain and forest terrain known to be inhabited by wild pandas. They have also set aside corridors of new bamboo for their protection from domesticated animal grazing, and human interference (International, 2013). Chengdu is known for being the hometown of the giant panda. Back in 1987, when it became apparent that pandas were seriously endangered in the wild, the Chinese created the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding. Starting with just six pandas from the wild, they’ve successfully bred more than 100 pandas. The work done at Chengdu and other breeding centers costs millions of dollars a year. Experts believe that of all species in the world, the giant panda is the one species in which the most money is being invested in to save. This has lead some conservationists to argue that too much is being spent to save the giant panda. â€Å"I think we have to make tough choices,† British wildlife expert, Chris Packham, said. â€Å"I think that, ultimately, we have to be pragmatic as well as sentimental. You know, we can't allow our heart to rule our conservation head†¦ and if we channel this much into just one species, then many others which could be far better helped, many others not just species, but communities and ecosystems, could be better protected at the expense of one fluffy, cuddly bear† (Snow, 2013). Packham is in the minority here, but more and more scientists are starting to agree with him. The Chinese government has had much success in educating the public about the future of the giant panda, by setting in place protection against poaching, and even gun control for the reserves. By educating the public, more and more pandas have been brought to the Research Center for recovery and medical care due to injuries or illness. Logging has been banned in the reserves and the bamboo corridors. The roads providing access to the reserves are also being patrolled to help prevent anyone entering without express authority, for the care or study of the environment or the pandas. However, as Packham states, â€Å"Pandas are extraordinarily expensive to keep going. We spend millions and millions of pounds on pretty much this one species, and few others, when we know that the best thing we could do would be to look after the world's biodiversity hotspots with greater care. † His way of thinking is that without a habitat, there is nothing to work with. His suggestion is that we take all the cash we spend on pandas and buy rainforests with it. He realizes that it is the natural response to want to spend money and time on the panda because they are so cute and cuddly. They just pull at peoples' heart strings because of their appearance. The pandas are symbolic of what he refers to as single-species conservation: i. e. , a focus on one animal. This approach began in the 1970s with Save the Tiger, Save the Panda, Save the Whale, and so on, and it is now out of date. His belief is that pandas have had a valuable role in raising the profile of conservation, but perhaps ‘had' is the right word. Panda conservationists say that the panda is a flagship species. But we're also conserving Chinese forests, where there are many other species. As long as this conservation works, Mr. Packham states that he is all for it. But some species are stronger than others. The panda is not a strong species of bear in his opinion. It has gone herbivorous and eats a type of food that isn't ll that nutritious, and so is dying out little by little. It is susceptible to various diseases and, up until recently, has been almost impossible to breed in captivity. This species also has a very limited area of habitation, which is decreasing, since the Chinese population keeps finding ways to use their land. While Mr. Packham's points are valid, it seems he ignores the fact that pandas play a crucial role in the bamboo forests where they roam by spreading seeds and facilit ating growth of vegetation. Also, in the Yangtze Basin where pandas live, the forests are home to wildlife such as dwarf blue sheep, multi-colored pheasants and other endangered species, including the golden monkey, and various birds that are not found anywhere else in the world (WWF, 2013), making the panda a very effective flag ship species, which is something that Packham himself stated was worth preserving. One belief is that large animals can be extremely useful in the cause for conservation. Smaller creatures often don't need a big habitat to live in, so in conservation terms, it's better to strive to save something further up the food chain. By doing this, you are protecting a much larger area, which will also include the smaller animals. Pandas are a good example for the messages you want to put out on habitat conservation. We associate Borneo with the orangutans, the southern oceans with the blue whale, and the North with polar bears. So it is with China and the panda bears (Snow, 2013). Many revere the panda bear and their preservation is important to the Chinese culture. People respond to their situation, which does make a difference. References Benedictus, L. (2009). Should pandas be left to face extinction? | Environment | The Guardian. Latest US news, world news, sport and comment from the Guardian | guardiannews.com | The Guardian. Retrieved April 27, 2013, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/sep/23/panda-extinction-chris-packham International, C. (2013). Threats to Pandas. Conservation International. Retrieved April 28, 2013, from http://www.conservation.org/learn/biodiversity/species/profiles/pandas/pandas/overview/Pages/threats.aspx Snow, K. (2013). Are giant pandas worth saving? – Rock Center with Brian Williams. Rock Center with Brian Williams.

THE NECESSITY OF EUDAIMONIA essays

THE NECESSITY OF EUDAIMONIA essays Defining the Good Throughout history, many people have attempted to define what it is to be good. They have tried to explain what it is like to live a good life and what it means to be a good person. Many have tried to offer their own insights into what being good really is. Some philosophers have spent most of their lives pondering and arguing their idea of what being good really is. Some philosophers are thick headed about the subject and will refute anyone else's idea of what being good is. Other philosophers were more open minded about what being good is and would accept other's ideas and maybe even include other people's ideas in their own hypothesis. But, there really is no real answer to what being good is. The philosophers who listened to others and accepted other people's ideas might get a little closer to describing good, but even they could not fully define it. The word good is far too obscure to give one true definition to. Instead it will always live as a word with no true meaning. In order to find what the good and apply this, the primary concern of political theorists such as Aristotle whom will be the subject of this research, is to determine by what form of ordinance or law, would succeed the state. And he claims that unity of the Polis really leads to the Eudaimonia, which is the real happiness. Aristotle saw the pursuit of the good of the polis, the political community, as a branch of ethics, the pursuit of the human good as a whole. He called this ultimate goal for human beings eudaimonia, which is often translated as "the good life." He begins the Nicomachean Ethics with the claim that all human activities and pursuits aim at the good. He means for this to be understood as a claim about how human activities contribute to the human function. Ethics is therefore dependent upon theory of human nature, for to be a good person is to succeed in making actual in one's character the unique potential of being human. Fo...

Leprechaun Trap - Green Slime St. Patricks Day Project

Leprechaun Trap - Green Slime St. Patricks Day Project Heres how to make green slime for St. Patricks Day leprechaun trap. We havent successfully caught any leprechauns using this recipe yet, but it does make a nice holiday chemistry project for kids! Leprechaun Trap Slime Materials 4-oz bottle school glue gelborax (not boric acid)watergreen food coloring Make the Leprechaun Trap Slime Solutions The leprechaun trap is made by mixing two solutions together, which cross-link or polymerize to make a gel or slime. First, make the solutions: Borax Solution Take about a half cup of hot water and stir in borax until it stops dissolving. It is fine if the solution is cloudy or if there is undissolved solid at the bottom of the container. Just add the liquid part to your slime recipe. Glue Solution You can make either opaque slime or translucent slime, depending on the type of glue you use for this project. White glue produces an opaque slime. Clear or translucent blue glue will produce a translucent slime. You can color either type of slime using food coloring. Stir 4-oz of glue into 1 cup of water.Add a couple of drops of food coloring. The radioactive chemistry green-yellow color is obtained by adding 2 drops of yellow or 2 drops yellow and 1 drop of green coloring, depending how green you want the slime. For a leprechaun trap, you can add a few drops of green food coloring and call it good. If youre a rebel, dye the slime blue! Blue was the traditional Irish color before green came into vogue. Make the Leprechaun Trap Simply mix together 1/3 cup of the borax solution and 1 cup of the glue solution. You can use your hands or you can use a spoon. Glowing Leprechaun Trap What leprechaun wouldnt be attracted to a glowing trap? You can make the slime glow very brightly under ultraviolet or light if you add a little yellow highlighter ink to either of the solutions. Highlighter ink is fluorescent, so it emits light when exposed to high-energy light. Note adding the contents of a glow stick will not work, because the other chemicals in the slime will interfere with the reaction that produces the glow. Cleaning Up the Leprechaun Trap Although regular slime doesnt stain most surface, the food coloring you added to make it green will stain clothing, furniture, and counters. You can remove the color from countertops using cleaner with bleach. Except for the food coloring, slime washes away with soap and water or in regular laundry. After St. Patricks Day Your leprechaun trap wont last until St. Patricks Day next year, but if you seal it in a covered bowl or a plastic bag, it will be good for several days. You can extend this to a couple of weeks if you store the bag in the refrigerator. The sealed bag keeps the slime from drying out while the refrigerator keeps it from developing mold. How Leprechaun Trap Slime Works When you mix the glue and the borax the polymer in the glue, polyvinyl acetate, undergoes a chemical reaction. Cross-linking bonds are formed, causing the glue stick less to your hands or spoon and more to itself. Feel free to experiment with the amount of glue, water, and borax that you use to make the slime. You can adjust the recipe to make the slime more fluid or more stiff. The molecules in the polymer are not fixed in place, so you can stretch the slime quite far before it will break or tear. More St. Patricks Day Science Projects Turn Pennies Gold for a Pot of GoldGreen St. Patricks Day FireGlowing Green FlowersMore St. Pattys Day ProjectsAnswers To Common Questions About Slime

Effectiveness of Three Classical Leadership Styles Essay - 10

Effectiveness of Three Classical Leadership Styles - Essay Example Differences between leadership and management entail the scope, nature, and objectives. While management may merely pertain to the administrative work and organization, leadership entails the guidance, the direction setting, leading from the front and setting examples. The domain of work of a leader is far broader than the management handling individual. Leader’s span of command and control may also be an expanded one as compared to management. A leader can be a manager, but a manager may not be necessarily a leader. Open systems and closed systems based organizations are the two broad line categories of organizational structure. The former pertains to the kind of organization where the interactive environment is observed and the stakeholders are invited from outside. The closed system, in contrast, comprises a substantially conservative and closed-ended system with little interactive environment and activities towards the outer world and other enterprises. The chances of progress and development are relatively higher in the case of open system based organizations. Closed organizations are often effective in case of small to medium scale projects and businesses (Tokoro, 2010 ¸p. 6). Theory X and Theory Y are two different terminologies and concepts used in the field of sociology as well as administrative management. It pertains to the leadership style, the individuals’ mindsets, their aptitude, and tendency towards the kind of environment they work in and they find themselves comfortable in. Theory X, in particular, is related to the kind of individuals who take risks, take initiatives and want to lead from the front. They do not have the fear element.  

Argument-Deliberative (4 pages) DIRECTLY addressing a specific Essay

Argument-Deliberative (4 pages) DIRECTLY addressing a specific audience who holds a proposition with which you Disagree) - Essay Example Perhaps, a rebellion against this standardized will open the door to the reshaping of our schools and the implementation of much more sophisticated and effective accountability measures.† (Marshak, David, 2003). He further adds that we need to reinvent education by teaching students how to be creative, which requires long term relationship between students and teachers. So the present system of changing teachers every 50 minutes should be stopped and teachers be appointed for one to two year to develop personal relationship with students. Students should also have common learning goals and individuals learning goals. Moreover, he believes that in future curriculum should include synthesis, problem solving, creativity, and analysis promote inventive thinking. Though some of his ideas seem to be good, it may not be practical one. In order to understand the hollowness in his arguments against standardized testing system, one should know how it functions. A test which is conducted in a standard manner is called a standardized test. This testing system gauges candidates against one another and a standard is fixed to assess progress in a school, aptitude to attend institutions of higher education and to put candidates in programs suited to their aptitude. These tests are designed in a special way that rules for conducting, questions, interpretations, and scoring pattern are reliable and conducted and scored in a prearranged, standard manner. United States enacted elementary and secondary education act, 1965 which made it mandatory standardized testing in public schools. In 2001, United States passed US Public Law 107- 110, which is also called ‘No Child Left Behind Act of 2001’, which binds public school funding to standardized testing. It consists of true- false and multiple-choice questions. Generally, it is a computer adaptive test. Some standardized testing have essay

Project Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Managment - Essay Example According to Kerzner (2009), project managers are in charge of ‘coordinating and integrating activities across multiple, functional lines’ (p. 12). This means that they consolidate efforts to (1) develop the project plan, (2) execute the plan, and (3) make the necessary changes to the plan to ensure that the objectives are met. Project managers also operate as interface between the smaller, project organization, and the larger functional organization. They therefore are tasked with managing relationships (1) among individual members of the team , (2) between the functional organization and the project team, (3) between the senior management and the project team, and (4) between the customer’s organization (i.e., external or internal) and the project team (Kerzner, 2009, p. 13). Kerzner observes that the project manager’s role is a difficult one because he/she usually is assigned a great deal of responsibility, but actually very little power or authority. Th e greatest challenge to the skill and expertise of the project manager is the degree to which he/she is able to successfully achieve the specific objectives of the project within the constraints (of scope, time, cost, and performance) imposed upon him/her. The Edinburgh Tram System project In 2002, the City of Edinburgh Council (CEC), established the Transport Initiatives Edinburgh (TIE) as a private limited, wholly-owned CEC subsidiary. The new system is envisioned to be a fast, clean and green, and high capacity transport service similar to those in other countries in Europe (Edinburgh Trams, 2012). The initiative began with a series of public consultations to determine the feasibility of the proposed system and in compliance with the parliamentary process. Stakeholders were invited to participate during these consultations where the feedback and suggestions to the proposed project details were garnered. By January 2004, the completed plans were submitted to Parliament, which appr oved them in March 2006. Contracts were entered into by May 2008, begun soon thereafter, and the tram network was estimated to commence operations by 2014 (Edinburgh Trams, 2012). From the project’s onset, the CEC and contractors have encountered problems related to the project. An example is the line to St. Andrew Square has proven problematic, with a project cost of ?776 million, ?200 million over the original budget. The contractor, Bilfinger Berger, of Germany, has been plagued by delays, disputes, technical problems, and unforeseen revision. According to Knox (2011), there also were other concerns such as a misunderstanding of the initial agreement, a confused and divided council, government hostility and negative public perception. These problems resulted in a reduction in the project’s scope from several lines to just one – that leading to St. Andrew’s Square – a budget overrun and extension of the completion date to 2016, and the resignatio n of the project’s chief executive after only two years (Knox, 2011; BBC, 2011). The three elements of project management Several of the nine primary elements of the PMBOK are seen to be applicable in this case, but the following three appear to have posed the greatest challenge for the project manager: (1) Managing the scope of the project in controlling the project The project scope is an explicit description of what are included in,

Why Separating the Church from the State is the Best Policy Essay Example for Free

Why Separating the Church from the State is the Best Policy Essay Those sympathetic toward the British dissenters and critical of the aristocratic foundations of eighteenth-century British life have found it easy enough to dismiss Burkes arguments as a simple defense of Whig oligarchy. [1] But Burkes belief that religion and society, church and state, stood or fell together was only the latest and perhaps most eloquent expression of a very old tradition in all of Christendom. For men of Burkes temperament, the lesson was finally driven home by the general weakening of religious establishments in America after the Revolutionparticularly the formal disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Virginiaand the assault on religion by the French Revolution. [2] It is probably more difficult for Americans, whose government and society rest precisely on the very political philosophy and religious nonconformity which Burke opposed, than for citizens of more historically grounded nations, to view his defense of established religion and the confessional state with great sympathy. But in this authors view, it is well worth the attempt. Jacques Maritain observed some forty years ago that while the confessional state may have only constituted the legal rather than the living, vital form of medieval sacral civilization, nevertheless medieval man and woman entered civil society and citizenship only through membership in the Church. Modern man and woman are citizens regardless of religious affiliation. Maritain cited the view of the distinguished Catholic theologian, Charles Journet, who distinguished between the Christian state which was at the service of right and truth, and the modern state which justifies itself in the service of freedom and the realization of human dignity. According to Journet: It would be incorrect to describe medieval times as those of a confusion between the spiritual and the temporal . . . Their interrelations were characterized in medieval society by the fact that the spiritual order did not confine itself to acting on the temporal as a regulator of political, social and cultural values. It tended . . . to become . . . a component element in the structure of society . . . Those who did not visibly belong to the Church were from the first dismissed society: the heathen over the frontiers, the Jews into ghettos. Those who, having first been Christians, afterwards broke with the Church, as heretics or schismatics, constituted a much greater dangerthey shook the very bases of the new society and appeared as enemies of the public safety. [3] All justification of views supporting the need for the true faith to force compliance comes in the last analysis from St. Augustine. Peter Brown has called him the first theorist of the Inquisition and explains that his pessimism and belief in predestination allowed him to disbelieve in the wisdom of permitting error to do battle freely with truth in a competition of ideas, the preferred choice of a John Milton, perhaps of a John Locke, and of all liberals. Augustine was convinced that sinful man required firm handling, in his term discipline. This was how God had ruled Israel, and Christian society could do no less. [4] Burke himself, during the intense excitement of the French Revolution, did not shrink from praising even the Spanish Inquisition, along with Joseph de Maistre, finding that as to the clergy, they are the only thing in Spain that looks like an independent order, and they are kept in some respect by the Inquisition, the sole but unhappy resource of pub-lick tranquility and order now remaining in Spain. As in Venice, it is become mostly an engine of State, which, indeed, to a degree, it has always been in Spain. It wars no longer with Jews and Hereticks: It has no such war to carry on. Its great object is to keep atheistic and republican doctrines from making their way in that kingdom. [5] In view of the fact that for St. Thomas Aquinas nothing less than the Eucharist created the civic community, and because the conservative model of the good society was always medieval Europe, can one doubt that religion must lie at the foundation of the conservative understanding of citizenship? [6] Perhaps no one has understood the religious foundations of citizenship as well as J. G. A. Pocock. His analysis deserves our full attention: To those for whom all intolerance is ridiculous and unnecessary, it is hard to imagine a world in which differences in religious belief had serious political consequences; but if Jesus Christ were less than an equal person of the holy and undivided Trinity, still more if he were a divinely appointed human being and not himself divine, there could be no thought that the Churchany Churchwas part of his continuing divine presence on earth, or in any corporate sense part of the presence of God among men. Religion could only be a community of belief or opinion among those who voluntarily held beliefs or opinions in common; it could not be the institutional form of a communion between God and men . . . . Richard Price desired more than toleration for Protestant Dissenters; he desired a full equality of civil rights, irrespective of denominational membership or doctrinal subscription.